## A new non-Hermitian $$E_2$$-quasi-exactly solvable model

Andreas Fring

We construct a previously unknown $$E_2$$-quasi-exactly solvable non-Hermitian model whose eigenfunctions involve weakly orthogonal polynomials obeying three-term recurrence relations that factorize beyond the quantization level. The model becomes Hermitian when one of its two parameters is fixed to a specific value. We analyze the double scaling limit of this model leading to the complex Mathieu equation. The norms, Stieltjes measures and moment functionals are evaluated for some concrete values of one of the two parameters.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2800
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)

## $$E_2$$-quasi-exact solvability for non-Hermitian models

Andreas Fring

We propose the notion of $$E_2$$-quasi-exact solvability and apply this idea to find explicit solutions to the eigenvalue problem for a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian system depending on two parameters. The model considered reduces to the complex Mathieu Hamiltonian in a double scaling limit, which enables us to compute the exceptional points in the energy spectrum of the latter as a limiting process of the zeros for some algebraic equations. The coefficient functions in the quasi-exact eigenfunctions are univariate polynomials in the energy obeying a three-term recurrence relation. The latter property guarantees the existence of a linear functional such that the polynomials become orthogonal. The polynomials are shown to factorize for all levels above the quantization condition leading to vanishing norms rendering them to be weakly orthogonal. In two concrete examples we compute the explicit expressions for the Stieltjes measure.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1411.4300
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)

## PT-symmetric interpretation of the electromagnetic self-force

Carl M. Bender, Mariagiovanna Gianfreda

In 1980 Englert examined the classic problem of the electromagnetic self-force on an oscillating charged particle. His approach, which was based on an earlier idea of Bateman, was to introduce a charge-conjugate particle and to show that the two-particle system is Hamiltonian. Unfortunately, Englert’s model did not solve the problem of runaway modes, and the corresponding quantum theory had ghost states. It is shown here that Englert’s Hamiltonian is PT symmetric, and that the problems with his model arise because the PT symmetry is broken at both the classical and quantum level. However, by allowing the charged particles to interact and by adjusting the coupling parameters to put the model into an unbroken PT-symmetric region, one eliminates the classical runaway modes and obtains a corresponding quantum system that is ghost free.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.3828
High Energy Physics – Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)

## Infinitely many inequivalent field theories from one Lagrangian

Carl M. Bender, Daniel W. Hook, Nick E. Mavromatos, Sarben Sarkar

Logarithmic time-like Liouville quantum field theory has a generalized PT invariance, where T is the time-reversal operator and P stands for an S-duality reflection of the Liouville field $$\phi$$. In Euclidean space the Lagrangian of such a theory, $$L=\frac{1}{2}(\nabla\phi)^2−ig\phi \exp(ia\phi)$$, is analyzed using the techniques of PT-symmetric quantum theory. It is shown that L defines an infinite number of unitarily inequivalent sectors of the theory labeled by the integer n. In one-dimensional space (quantum mechanics) the energy spectrum is calculated in the semiclassical limit and the $$m$$th energy level in the $$n$$th sector is given by $$E_{m,n}∼(m+1/2)^2a^2/(16n^2)$$.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.2432
High Energy Physics – Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)

## Spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking for systems of noncommutative Euclidean Lie algebraic type

Sanjib Dey, Andreas Fring, Thilagarajah Mathanaranjan

We propose a noncommutative version of the Euclidean Lie algebra $$E_2$$. Several types of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian systems expressed in terms of generic combinations of the generators of this algebra are investigated. Using the breakdown of the explicitly constructed Dyson maps as a criterium, we identify the domains in the parameter space in which the Hamiltonians have real energy spectra and determine the exceptional points signifying the crossover into the different types of spontaneously broken PT-symmetric regions with pairs of complex conjugate eigenvalues. We find exceptional points which remain invariant under the deformation as well as exceptional points becoming dependent on the deformation parameter of the algebra.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.8097
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)

## Non-Hermitian systems of Euclidean Lie algebraic type with real eigenvalue spectra

Sanjib Dey, Andreas Fring, Thilagarajah Mathanaranjan

We study several classes of non-Hermitian Hamiltonian systems, which can be expressed in terms of bilinear combinations of Euclidean Lie algebraic generators. The classes are distinguished by different versions of antilinear (PT)-symmetries exhibiting various types of qualitative behaviour. On the basis of explicitly computed non-perturbative Dyson maps we construct metric operators, isospectral Hermitian counterparts for which we solve the corresponding time-independent Schroedinger equation for specific choices of the coupling constants. In these cases general analytical expressions for the solutions are obtained in the form of Mathieu functions, which we analyze numerically to obtain the corresponding energy eigenspectra. We identify regions in the parameter space for which the corresponding spectra are entirely real and also domains where the PT symmetry is spontaneously broken and sometimes also regained at exceptional points. In some cases it is shown explicitly how the threshold region from real to complex spectra is characterized by the breakdown of the Dyson maps or the metric operator. We establish the explicit relationship to models currently under investigation in the context of beam dynamics in optical lattices.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.4426
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Optics (physics.optics)

## Bohmian quantum trajectories from coherent states

Sanjib Dey, Andreas Fring

We find that real and complex Bohmian quantum trajectories resulting from well-localized Klauder coherent states in the quasi-Poissonian regime possess qualitatively the same type of trajectories as those obtained from a purely classical analysis of the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi equation. In the complex cases treated the quantum potential results to a constant, such that the agreement is exact. For the real cases we provide conjectures for analytical solutions for the trajectories as well as the corresponding quantum potentials. The overall qualitative behaviour is governed by the Mandel parameter determining the regime in which the wavefunctions evolve as soliton like structures. We demonstrate these features explicitly for the harmonic oscillator and the Poeschl-Teller potential.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.4619
Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)

## A non self-adjoint model on a two dimensional noncommutative space with unbound metric

Fabio Bagarello, Andreas Fring

We demonstrate that a non self-adjoint Hamiltonian of harmonic oscillator type defined on a two-dimensional noncommutative space can be diagonalized exactly by making use of pseudo-bosonic operators. The model admits an antilinear symmetry and is of the type studied in the context of PT-symmetric quantum mechanics. Its eigenvalues are computed to be real for the entire range of the coupling constants and the biorthogonal sets of eigenstates for the Hamiltonian and its adjoint are explicitly constructed. We show that despite the fact that these sets are complete and biorthogonal, they involve an unbounded metric operator and therefore do not constitute (Riesz) bases for the Hilbert space $$\Lc^2(\Bbb R^2)$$, but instead only D-quasi bases. As recently proved by one of us (FB), this is sufficient to deduce several interesting consequences.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1310.4775

Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)

## Twofold Transition in PT-Symmetric Coupled Oscillators

Carl M. Bender, Mariagiovanna Gianfreda

The inspiration for this theoretical paper comes from recent experiments on a PT-symmetric system of two coupled optical whispering galleries (optical resonators). The optical system can be modeled as a pair of coupled linear oscillators, one with gain and the other with loss. If the coupled oscillators have a balanced loss and gain, the system is described by a Hamiltonian and the energy is conserved. This theoretical model exhibits two PT transitions depending on the size of the coupling parameter \epsilon. For small \epsilon the PT symmetry is broken and the system is not in equilibrium, but when \epsilon becomes sufficiently large, the system undergoes a transition to an equilibrium phase in which the PT symmetry is unbroken. For very large $$\epsilon$$ the system undergoes a second transition and is no longer in equilibrium. The classical and the quantized versions of the system exhibit transitions at exactly the same values of $$\epsilon$$.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.7107
High Energy Physics – Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)

## Hermitian versus non-Hermitian representations for minimal length uncertainty relations

Sanjib Dey, Andreas Fring, Boubakeur Khantoul

We investigate four different types of representations of deformed canonical variables leading to generalized versions of Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations resulting from noncommutative spacetime structures. We demonstrate explicitly how the representations are related to each other and study three characteristically different solvable models on these spaces, the harmonic oscillator, the manifestly non-Hermitian Swanson model and an intrinsically noncommutative model with Poeschl-Teller type potential. We provide an analytical expression for the metric in terms of quantities specific to the generic solution procedure and show that when it is appropriately implemented expectation values are independent of the particular representation. A recently proposed inequivalent representation resulting from Jordan twists is shown to lead to unphysical models. We suggest an anti-PT-symmetric modification to overcome this shortcoming.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1302.4571

Quantum Physics (quant-ph); High Energy Physics – Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)