This paper examines the complex trajectories of a classical particle in the potential \(V(x)=-\cos(x)\). Almost all the trajectories describe a particle that hops from one well to another in an erratic fashion. However, it is shown analytically that there are two special classes of trajectories \(x(t)\) determined only by the energy of the particle and not by the initial position of the particle. The first class consists of periodic trajectories; that is, trajectories that return to their initial position \(x(0)\) after some real time \(T\). The second class consists of trajectories for which there exists a real time \(T\) such that \(x(t+T)=x(t) \pm2 \pi\). These two classes of classical trajectories are analogous to valence and conduction bands in quantum mechanics, where the quantum particle either remains localized or else tunnels resonantly (conducts) through a crystal lattice. These two special types of trajectories are associated with sets of energies of measure 0. For other energies, it is shown that for long times the average velocity of the particle becomes a fractal-like function of energy.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3330
High Energy Physics – Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph)

This paper revisits earlier work on complex classical mechanics in which it was argued that when the energy of a classical particle in an analytic potential is real, the particle trajectories are closed and periodic, but that when the energy is complex, the classical trajectories are open. Here it is shown that there is a discrete set of eigencurves in the complex-energy plane for which the particle trajectories are closed and periodic.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1102.4822
Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics – Theory (hep-th)